@article {4981,
	title = {Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal},
	journal = {Journal of BiogeographyJournal of Biogeography},
	volume = {38},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {664-680},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {Abstract Aim  Rain forest-restricted plant families show disjunct distributions between the three major tropical regions: South America, Africa and Asia. Explaining these disjunctions has become an important challenge in biogeography. The pantropical plant family Annonaceae is used to test hypotheses that might explain diversification and distribution patterns in tropical biota: the museum hypothesis (low extinction leading to steady accumulation of species); and dispersal between Africa and Asia via Indian rafting versus boreotropical geodispersal. Location  Tropics and boreotropics. Methods  Molecular age estimates were calculated using a Bayesian approach based on 83\% generic sampling representing all major lineages within the family, seven chloroplast markers and two fossil calibrations. An analysis of diversification was carried out, which included lineage-through-time (LTT) plots and the calculation of diversification rates for genera and major clades. Ancestral areas were reconstructed using a maximum likelihood approach that implements the dispersal{\textendash}extinction{\textendash}cladogenesis model. Results  The LTT plots indicated a constant overall rate of diversification with low extinction rates for the family during the first 80~Ma of its existence. The highest diversification rates were inferred for several young genera such as Desmopsis, Uvariopsis and Unonopsis. A boreotropical migration route was supported over Indian rafting as the best fitting hypothesis to explain present-day distribution patterns within the family. Main conclusions  Early diversification within Annonaceae fits the hypothesis of a museum model of tropical diversification, with an overall steady increase in lineages possibly due to low extinction rates. The present-day distribution of species within the two largest clades of Annonaceae is the result of two contrasting biogeographic histories. The {\textquoteleft}long-branch clade{\textquoteright} has been diversifying since the beginning of the Cenozoic and underwent numerous geodispersals via the boreotropics and several more recent long-distance dispersal events. In contrast, the {\textquoteleft}short-branch clade{\textquoteright} dispersed once into Asia via the boreotropics during the Early Miocene and further dispersal was limited.},
	keywords = {Biogeographic hypothesis testing, boreotropical hypothesis, diversification rates, Indian rafting, K/Pg boundary, LTT plots, molecular dating, museum model},
	isbn = {1365-2699},
	author = {Couvreur, Thomas L. P. and Pirie, Michael D. and Chatrou, Lars W. and Saunders, Richard M. K. and Su, Yvonne C. F. and Richardson, James E. and Erkens, Roy H. J.}
}
@article {667,
	title = {Dating clades with fossils and molecules: the case of Annonaceae},
	journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {169},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {84-116},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {This article addresses the challenges involved in estimating the ages of clades using fossils and DNA sequences. We review the principles and problems of placing fossils in trees of extant taxa and using them to constrain the ages of nodes in molecular dating analyses. Endressinia and Futabanthus provide minimum ages of 112~Mya for the stem lineage and 89~Mya for the crown group of Annonaceae, and the diversity of endosperm ruminations in seeds from the London Clay indicates that the four main clades of Annonaceae had diverged by 50~Mya. Ages inferred using these minimum constraints and a plastid phylogenetic tree for Annonaceae, particularly crown ages of the two main clades (Malmeoideae and Annonoideae), depend on assumptions regarding the pattern of variation in rates of molecular evolution. Our results using methods that assume rate autocorrelation or log-normal distribution of rates suggest that neither assumption fits well the apparently abrupt changes in rates in Annonaceae. Instead of soft-bounded age constraints, we argue for the use of only well-substantiated fossil evidence by means of priors with hard bounds. Thus, we can infer ages that take into account both palaeontological and phylogenetic uncertainty, without confounding the different factors involved.~{\textcopyright} 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 169, 84{\textendash}116.},
	keywords = {age constraints, BEAST, fossil calibration, Magnoliales, molecular dating, phylogeny, r8s, relaxed clock},
	isbn = {1095-8339},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01234.x},
	author = {Michael D. Pirie and Doyle, James A.}
}
