02164nas a2200301   4500008004100000245005800041210005100099260000800150300001000158490000700168520137800175653001801553653001501571653001501586653001401601653002801615653002201643653001601665653001401681653001501695653002601710653001101736653001201747653001601759100002101775700001801796856004801814       2006                        eng d00aCharacter evolution in <i>Anaxagorea</i> (Annonaceae)0 aCharacter evolution in iAnaxagoreai Annonaceae  cJan  a36-540 v933 aAnaxagorta is a critical genus for understanding morphological evolution in Annonaceae because it shares a variety of features with other Magnoliales that have been interpreted as primitive relative to other Annonaceae. We present a detailed discussion of morphological characters used in a combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of Anaxagorea, along with implications of the analysis for character evolution in the genus. In spite of a high level of homoplasy in stamen and leaf venation characters, their removal results in loss of resolution in the trees obtained. The distributions of characters on trees confirm assumptions that several distinctive similarities between Anaxagorea and other Magnoliales are primitive retentions (e.g., the presence of an arlaxial plate of xylem in the midrib, nonpeltate stamen connectives, inner staminodes, and several leaf architectural characters). However, lateral extensions of the "laminar" stamens, though possibly ancestral in Anaxagorca, are convergent with those in other Magnoliales. A number of morphological synapomorphies have been identified for a clade containing most Central American species and another comprising all Asian species (e.g., conical bud shape and reduced inner petals for the Central American clade, and arlaxial cuticular striations and capitate stigma shape for the Asian clade).10aadaxial plate10aAnaxagorea10aAnnonaceae10aDIVERSITY10aHISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY10aleaf architecture10aMagnoliales10aMOLECULES10amorphology10aPHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS10aPLANTS10astamens10aSYSTEMATICS1 aScharaschkin, T.1 aDoyle, J., A.  uhttps://annonaceae.myspecies.info/node/554302162nas a2200253   4500008004100000020001400041245005900055210005800114260002900172300001200201490000800213520146400221653001501685653001801700653001601718653002201734653001701756653001401773653001901787653001801806653001101824100002501835856004801860       2012                        eng d  a1095-833900aHow diverse are Annonaceae with regard to pollination?0 aHow diverse are Annonaceae with regard to pollination  bBlackwell Publishing Ltd  a245-2610 v1693 aStudies during the last decades on representatives of Annonaceae have revealed their diversification with regard to pollination. Examples are given of species pollinated by beetles (cantharophily), which is the predominant mode of the majority of species worldwide, by small or large beetles (both groups having either diurnal or nocturnal flowers with or without thermogenesis), species pollinated by thrips (Thysanoptera), flies (myiophily and sapromyiophily), cockroaches and even bees (melittophily). Adaptational features of floral structures are compared with the behaviour of flower visitors, emphasizing floral rhythm, flower size, petal thickness, stamen structure and odour production. Anaxagorea, the earliest divergent surviving genus in Annonaceae, exhibits floral characters thought to be basal for the family: tissue-rich thick petals that form a pollination chamber; several Anaxagorea spp. exhibit thermogenesis, emit a fruit-like odour and attract small beetles as pollinators. As cantharophily is plesiomorphic in Anaxagorea and in Annonaceae, characters associated with beetle pollination appear imprinted in members of the whole family. Even non-cantharophilous species retain one or more characteristic features of beetle-pollinated species, such as thick petals, flattened and sclerified connective shields or protogynous dichogamy. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 169, 245–261.10aAnaxagorea10acantharophily10acockroaches10aflower structures10amelittophily10amyiophily10asapromyiophily10athermogenesis10athrips1 aGottsberger, Gerhard  uhttps://annonaceae.myspecies.info/node/513902169nas a2200253   4500008004100000020001400041245005900055210005800114260002900172300001200201490000800213520146400221653001501685653001801700653001601718653002201734653001701756653001401773653001901787653001801806653001101824100002501835856005501860       2012                        eng d  a1095-833900aHow diverse are Annonaceae with regard to pollination?0 aHow diverse are Annonaceae with regard to pollination  bBlackwell Publishing Ltd  a245-2610 v1693 aStudies during the last decades on representatives of Annonaceae have revealed their diversification with regard to pollination. Examples are given of species pollinated by beetles (cantharophily), which is the predominant mode of the majority of species worldwide, by small or large beetles (both groups having either diurnal or nocturnal flowers with or without thermogenesis), species pollinated by thrips (Thysanoptera), flies (myiophily and sapromyiophily), cockroaches and even bees (melittophily). Adaptational features of floral structures are compared with the behaviour of flower visitors, emphasizing floral rhythm, flower size, petal thickness, stamen structure and odour production. Anaxagorea, the earliest divergent surviving genus in Annonaceae, exhibits floral characters thought to be basal for the family: tissue-rich thick petals that form a pollination chamber; several Anaxagorea spp. exhibit thermogenesis, emit a fruit-like odour and attract small beetles as pollinators. As cantharophily is plesiomorphic in Anaxagorea and in Annonaceae, characters associated with beetle pollination appear imprinted in members of the whole family. Even non-cantharophilous species retain one or more characteristic features of beetle-pollinated species, such as thick petals, flattened and sclerified connective shields or protogynous dichogamy. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 169, 245–261.10aAnaxagorea10acantharophily10acockroaches10aflower structures10amelittophily10amyiophily10asapromyiophily10athermogenesis10athrips1 aGottsberger, Gerhard  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01209.x