03265nas a2200313   4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182260002900251300001200280490000700292520225800299653003702557653002902594653002602623653001902649653001802668653001402686653002102700653001702721100002802738700002302766700002102789700002702810700002002837700002502857700002102882856004802903       2011                        eng d  a1365-269900aEarly evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal0 aEarly evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonac  bBlackwell Publishing Ltd  a664-6800 v383 aAbstract Aim  Rain forest-restricted plant families show disjunct distributions between the three major tropical regions: South America, Africa and Asia. Explaining these disjunctions has become an important challenge in biogeography. The pantropical plant family Annonaceae is used to test hypotheses that might explain diversification and distribution patterns in tropical biota: the museum hypothesis (low extinction leading to steady accumulation of species); and dispersal between Africa and Asia via Indian rafting versus boreotropical geodispersal. Location  Tropics and boreotropics. Methods  Molecular age estimates were calculated using a Bayesian approach based on 83% generic sampling representing all major lineages within the family, seven chloroplast markers and two fossil calibrations. An analysis of diversification was carried out, which included lineage-through-time (LTT) plots and the calculation of diversification rates for genera and major clades. Ancestral areas were reconstructed using a maximum likelihood approach that implements the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model. Results  The LTT plots indicated a constant overall rate of diversification with low extinction rates for the family during the first 80 Ma of its existence. The highest diversification rates were inferred for several young genera such as Desmopsis, Uvariopsis and Unonopsis. A boreotropical migration route was supported over Indian rafting as the best fitting hypothesis to explain present-day distribution patterns within the family. Main conclusions  Early diversification within Annonaceae fits the hypothesis of a museum model of tropical diversification, with an overall steady increase in lineages possibly due to low extinction rates. The present-day distribution of species within the two largest clades of Annonaceae is the result of two contrasting biogeographic histories. The ‘long-branch clade’ has been diversifying since the beginning of the Cenozoic and underwent numerous geodispersals via the boreotropics and several more recent long-distance dispersal events. In contrast, the ‘short-branch clade’ dispersed once into Asia via the boreotropics during the Early Miocene and further dispersal was limited.10aBiogeographic hypothesis testing10aboreotropical hypothesis10adiversification rates10aIndian rafting10aK/Pg boundary10aLTT plots10amolecular dating10amuseum model1 aCouvreur, Thomas, L. P.1 aPirie, Michael, D.1 aChatrou, Lars, W1 aSaunders, Richard, M K1 aSu, Yvonne, C F1 aRichardson, James, E1 aErkens, Roy, H J  uhttps://annonaceae.myspecies.info/node/498102393nas a2200301   4500008004100000020001400041245013700055210006900192260002900261300000900290490000800299520145500307653002001762653001601782653001601798653001101814100002101825700002301846700002101869700002801890700002001918700002301938700001901961700001701980700002701997700001902024856004802043       2012                        eng d  a1095-833900aA new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics0 anew subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flo  bBlackwell Publishing Ltd  a5-400 v1693 aThe pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae is the most species-rich family of Magnoliales. Despite long-standing interest in the systematics of Annonaceae, no authoritative classification has yet been published in the light of recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. Here, using the largest, most representative, molecular dataset compiled on Annonaceae to date, we present, for the first time, a robust family-wide phylogenetic tree and subsequent classification. We used a supermatrix of up to eight plastid markers sequenced from 193 ingroup and seven outgroup species. Some of the relationships at lower taxonomic levels are poorly resolved, but deeper nodes generally receive high support. Annonaceae comprises four major clades, which are here given the taxonomic rank of subfamily. The description of Annonoideae is amended, and three new subfamilies are described: Anaxagoreoideae, Ambavioideae and Malmeoideae. In Annonoideae, seven tribes are recognized, one of which, Duguetieae, is described as new. In Malmeoideae, seven tribes are recognized, six of which are newly described: Dendrokingstonieae, Fenerivieae, Maasieae, Malmeeae, Monocarpieae and Piptostigmateae. This new subfamilial and tribal classification is discussed against the background of previous classifications and characters to recognize subfamilies are reviewed. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 169, 5–40.10aplastid markers10asubfamilies10asupermatrix10atribes1 aChatrou, Lars, W1 aPirie, Michael, D.1 aErkens, Roy, H J1 aCouvreur, Thomas, L. P.1 aNeubig, Kurt, M1 aAbbott, Richard, J1 aMols, Johan, B1 aMaas, Jan, W1 aSaunders, Richard, M K1 aChase, Mark, W  uhttps://annonaceae.myspecies.info/node/4957